Notes of a High Distinction Student: Bachelor of Biomedical Science

Progressive Types Of Cell Injury & Response Investigating disease includes collating a clinical history, examination, offering a provisional diagnosis and providing a confirmation of diagnosis via diagnostic or lab investigation. Cell injury can be caused by: Physical trauma Extreme temperatures  Electrical disturbance   Chemical or radiation poisoning  Biological agents Nutritional issues Most of the above cause radical production, a decrease in oxygen delivery or an increase in calcium intercellular release. They could be either reversible or irreversible causing necrosis (cell/ tissue injury) or apoptosis (normal physiological process). Hypoxia conditions can include: Stroke Brain trauma Arteriosclerosis  Injury leading to hypoxia A decrease in ATP production  An increase in sodium and H2O into cells An increase in potassium outside the cell Increased osmotic pressure Vacuoles formed Increased vaculation Incre...

How to Distinguish Between Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Necrosis, Atrophy & Apoptosis Topic 1 - Cellular Changes in Disease What is Hyperplasia? An INCREASE in the NUMBER of cells due to an adaptive change e.g. the removal of a kidney What is Hypertrophy? An INCREASE in the SIZE of cells due to an adaptive change e.g. half a heart not functioning What is Atrophy? A DECREASE in the SIZE of cells, failure to adapt to change, loos of cytoskeleton and organelles e.g. muscular dystrophy What is Metaplasia? One adult cell is replaced with a different adult cell   What is Dysplasia?  An abnormal change in size, shape and organisation (not adaptive)   What is Necrosis? Necrosis is cell death caused by injured cells, usually by enzymes or denatured proteins. Types of necrosis include  Coagulative, Liquefaction or Casseous Coagulative necrosis -  Occurs in the heart, kidney and adrenal glands. Results from ischemia or hyp...