Skip to main content

Don't struggle financially

Don't struggle financially
Start investing your small change today

How to Distinguish Between Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Necrosis, Atrophy & Apoptosis

How to Distinguish Between Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Necrosis, Atrophy & Apoptosis


Topic 1 - Cellular Changes in Disease

What is Hyperplasia?

An INCREASE in the NUMBER of cells due to an adaptive change e.g. the removal of a kidney

What is Hypertrophy?

An INCREASE in the SIZE of cells due to an adaptive change e.g. half a heart not functioning

What is Atrophy?

A DECREASE in the SIZE of cells, failure to adapt to change, loos of cytoskeleton and organelles e.g. muscular dystrophy

What is Metaplasia?

One adult cell is replaced with a different adult cell

 What is Dysplasia?

 An abnormal change in size, shape and organisation (not adaptive)

 What is Necrosis?

Necrosis is cell death caused by injured cells, usually by enzymes or denatured proteins.
Types of necrosis include Coagulative, Liquefaction or Casseous



  • Coagulative necrosis - Occurs in the heart, kidney and adrenal glands. Results from ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury and protein degradation. The albumin changes appearance, there is an increase in intracellular Ca 2+. The Cell outline is preserved so there is no autolysis. An example of coagulative necrosis is myocardial infarction. 
  • Liquefaction necrosis - Results from ischemic injury or stroke to neurons and glial cells within the brain and spiral cord (Central Nervous System). Brain cells are affected  due to an increase in hydrolytic enzymes, lipids and low connective tissues. Hydrolases digest cells causing tissues to become soft and start to liquify.
  • Casseous necrosis - Results from bacterial infection, for example, Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), cells from granuloma, the cell center dies and develops a white cheese-like appearance under the microscope. 


 What is Apoptosis?

 Occurs when cell damage is beyond repair. Apoptosis is a programmed isolated cell death which is triggered by the p53 gene.  The nucleus is denatured, organelles become larger, cell fragments shrink and are removed by phagocytes. Some types of apoptosis cause mutation in the p53 gene which lead to failed apoptosis, replication of genetically altered cells and cancer developing in some cases.

What are cell inclusions?

Cellular disease increases the amounts of deposits and vacuoles within the cells. Deposits including calcium, fats, protein, glycogen, toxic metabolites and inert substances which interfere with cell function.  

Click here to head back to the Main Menu
Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Start Investing Your Loose Change

Popular posts from this blog

Vascular & Cellular Changes Produced By Chemical Mediators Causing Inflammation

Vascular & Cellular Changes Produced By Chemical Mediators Causing Inflammation Inflammation is a vascularised response to injury, mostly an immune response to infectious organisms, trauma, surgery, chemicals and extreme heat and cold. The suffix "itis" e.g. appendicitis characterises inflammation, therefore appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix.   Acute inflammation Symptoms Includes vascular and cellular phases including: Redness due to hyperemia (increased blood flow) Heat due to hyperemia Swelling due to increased capillary permeability and filtration Pain due to inflammatory chemicals (bradykinin) and fluid pressure on nerves or nerve injury. The purpose of inflammation is to decrease the spread of pathogens giving the body an increased chance of removing them and damaged tissue debris and to repair the tissue damage.  The sequence of acute inflammation Change in vascular calibre and blood flow Change in vascular blood flow Cellul...
Post a Comment
Read more

Vascular Cellular Repair and inflammation response

Sequence Of Events for Vascular Cellular Repair and the Inflammation Response A break in the skin occurs Bacterial reproduction increases Macrophages engulf bacteria Macrophages secrete cytokines Activated mast cells secrete histamine Histamine and cytokines increase dilation of blood vessels White blood cells (WBCs) adhere to capillary lining (pavementing) WBCs migrate to injured site via endothelial cellular gaps via diapedis movement Monocytes turn into macrophages Macrophages and neutrophils engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) Red Blood Cells increase in concentration causing redness and head An increased amount of fluid migrates to the area causing swelling and pain. Tissue repair commences and systemic responses may be evident e.g. fever What is involved in the tissue repair response? Resolution – the toxin is neutralized, oedema decreases, capillary permeability decreases and vasoconstriction occurs Regeneration & replacement – proliferation...
Post a Comment
Read more

Cellular Changes in Disease

Cellular change in disease are often non-specific or adaptive changes to injury. Cellular disease can be identified if there are: External indicators Physical measurement changes Biochemical changes Changes in the pathology of the cell Cell damage depends on type of agent or stress, type and duration of injury or type of tissue involved. Cellular changes which are all adaptations to stressors include: Hypertrophy Atrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Handy Hint! How can you memorize the above?  MADHH ( MAD H airy H ead) M etaplasia, A trophy, D ysplasia, H ypertrophy, H yperplasia How does the lack of oxygen affect cells? Hypoxia is the lack of oxygen in cells which is the most common cause of cell injury and most commonly caused Ischemia (reduced blood supply) however can also be caused by any of the following: Decrease of oxygen in the air Loss of haemoglobin or loss of Hb (Haemoglobin) function Decr...
Post a Comment
Read more