Sequence Of Events for Vascular Cellular Repair and the Inflammation Response A break in the skin occurs Bacterial reproduction increases Macrophages engulf bacteria Macrophages secrete cytokines Activated mast cells secrete histamine Histamine and cytokines increase dilation of blood vessels White blood cells (WBCs) adhere to capillary lining (pavementing) WBCs migrate to injured site via endothelial cellular gaps via diapedis movement Monocytes turn into macrophages Macrophages and neutrophils engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) Red Blood Cells increase in concentration causing redness and head An increased amount of fluid migrates to the area causing swelling and pain. Tissue repair commences and systemic responses may be evident e.g. fever What is involved in the tissue repair response? Resolution – the toxin is neutralized, oedema decreases, capillary permeability decreases and vasoconstriction occurs Regeneration & replacement – proliferation...
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Vascular & Cellular Changes Produced By Chemical Mediators Causing Inflammation Inflammation is a vascularised response to injury, mostly an immune response to infectious organisms, trauma, surgery, chemicals and extreme heat and cold. The suffix "itis" e.g. appendicitis characterises inflammation, therefore appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Acute inflammation Symptoms Includes vascular and cellular phases including: Redness due to hyperemia (increased blood flow) Heat due to hyperemia Swelling due to increased capillary permeability and filtration Pain due to inflammatory chemicals (bradykinin) and fluid pressure on nerves or nerve injury. The purpose of inflammation is to decrease the spread of pathogens giving the body an increased chance of removing them and damaged tissue debris and to repair the tissue damage. The sequence of acute inflammation Change in vascular calibre and blood flow Change in vascular blood flow Cellul...