Skip to main content

Don't struggle financially

Don't struggle financially
Start investing your small change today

How to Distinguish Between Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Necrosis, Atrophy & Apoptosis

How to Distinguish Between Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Necrosis, Atrophy & Apoptosis


Topic 1 - Cellular Changes in Disease

What is Hyperplasia?

An INCREASE in the NUMBER of cells due to an adaptive change e.g. the removal of a kidney

What is Hypertrophy?

An INCREASE in the SIZE of cells due to an adaptive change e.g. half a heart not functioning

What is Atrophy?

A DECREASE in the SIZE of cells, failure to adapt to change, loos of cytoskeleton and organelles e.g. muscular dystrophy

What is Metaplasia?

One adult cell is replaced with a different adult cell

 What is Dysplasia?

 An abnormal change in size, shape and organisation (not adaptive)

 What is Necrosis?

Necrosis is cell death caused by injured cells, usually by enzymes or denatured proteins.
Types of necrosis include Coagulative, Liquefaction or Casseous



  • Coagulative necrosis - Occurs in the heart, kidney and adrenal glands. Results from ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury and protein degradation. The albumin changes appearance, there is an increase in intracellular Ca 2+. The Cell outline is preserved so there is no autolysis. An example of coagulative necrosis is myocardial infarction. 
  • Liquefaction necrosis - Results from ischemic injury or stroke to neurons and glial cells within the brain and spiral cord (Central Nervous System). Brain cells are affected  due to an increase in hydrolytic enzymes, lipids and low connective tissues. Hydrolases digest cells causing tissues to become soft and start to liquify.
  • Casseous necrosis - Results from bacterial infection, for example, Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), cells from granuloma, the cell center dies and develops a white cheese-like appearance under the microscope. 


 What is Apoptosis?

 Occurs when cell damage is beyond repair. Apoptosis is a programmed isolated cell death which is triggered by the p53 gene.  The nucleus is denatured, organelles become larger, cell fragments shrink and are removed by phagocytes. Some types of apoptosis cause mutation in the p53 gene which lead to failed apoptosis, replication of genetically altered cells and cancer developing in some cases.

What are cell inclusions?

Cellular disease increases the amounts of deposits and vacuoles within the cells. Deposits including calcium, fats, protein, glycogen, toxic metabolites and inert substances which interfere with cell function.  

Click here to head back to the Main Menu
Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Start Investing Your Loose Change

Popular posts from this blog

What is the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Clot Pathway?

The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Clot Pathway When damage occurs to tissues, or there is damage to a nerve, a number of vascular responses occur.  Neutrophils are attracted to the injured site which stimulates the release of histamine, basophils, platelets, mast cells, and kinins.  Prostaglandins and lipids are released from the damaged cells. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels cause heat, redness, and swelling. Pain occurs from damage to the nerves, as well as toxic chemicals which are released from microbes. Kinins can irritate nerve endings while prostaglandins intensify and prolong the pain. Increased blood flow to tissues causes blood clotting factors which leak into the tissues which set the clotting sequence in motion. Fibrinogen in the blood converts to fibrin making a meshing over the damaged site to trap the microbes and stop the spread of infection.
Post a Comment
Read more

Discipline of Toxicology and Specialty Fields

Many of the different professional groups may be involved in dealing with toxic chemicals including chemists, environmental scientists, food scientists, forensic scientists, clinical scientists, and regulators. Depending on their professional roles, they may take different approaches to dealing with toxic chemicals and their effects.  5 Types of Toxicology Specialty Fields Descriptive toxicology Involves toxicity testing of drugs and chemicals. Decides if a substance is toxic and the level of toxicity. Mechanistic toxicology Involves how toxic chemicals cause toxicity effects at the biochemical and system level e.g. neurochemical site blockage Regulatory toxicology Assessment of therapeutic and consumer chemicals by regulatory bodies. Various federal government agencies set standards for use, transport, and storage.  Clinical toxicology Clinical Toxicologists ask the question, what was the victim poisoned with? Their conduct is in support of medi...
Post a Comment
Read more

Introduction to Toxicology

Objectives Appreciate that all substances are potentially toxic Have a basic understanding of the scope of toxicology Appreciate that many scientists, technicians, clinicians, and regulators are concerned with toxic chemicals Understand there are different fields and applications of toxicology and different aims and approaches when dealing with toxic chemicals and effects The scope of toxicology Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. Toxicology is a branch of pharmacology, dealing with the origin, nature, chemistry and adverse effects of chemical substances.  Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms, including the origin, nature, chemistry & adverse effects of chemical substances Potentially toxic substances include: Food Drinking water Air Medications Cosmetics Bites and Stings Venomous animals and plants   Today, much knowledge of toxic substances comes from la...
Post a Comment
Read more