Skip to main content

Don't struggle financially

Don't struggle financially
Start investing your small change today

Cellular Changes in Disease



Cellular change in disease are often non-specific or adaptive changes to injury. Cellular disease can be identified if there are:
  • External indicators
  • Physical measurement changes
  • Biochemical changes
  • Changes in the pathology of the cell
Cell damage depends on type of agent or stress, type and duration of injury or type of tissue involved.
Cellular changes which are all adaptations to stressors include:
  • Hypertrophy
  • Atrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia


Handy Hint! How can you memorize the above? 

MADHH (MAD Hairy Head)

Metaplasia, Atrophy, Dysplasia, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia

How does the lack of oxygen affect cells?


Hypoxia is the lack of oxygen in cells which is the most common cause of cell injury and most commonly caused Ischemia (reduced blood supply) however can also be caused by any of the following:
  • Decrease of oxygen in the air
  • Loss of haemoglobin or loss of Hb (Haemoglobin) function
  • Decrease in RBC (Red Blood Cell) production
  • Disease of the respiratory or cardio system
  • Poisoned enzymes
Key: 
¯ Decreased 
↑ Increased
A ¯ in RBC (Red Blood Cell) supply causes a ¯ in Heart Rate, ¯ Contractions ¯ ATP production ­ ↑ anaerobic metabolism, leading to ¯ metabolism when C6H12O6 is depleted, ↑ Na+/K supply, the Na/Ca pump stops, leading to a  ↑ ­ Na+ & Ca+ accumulation inside the cell and↑ K+ outside of the cell. 

Handy Hint! How can you memorize the above? 

Just remember 

When there’s not enough of a RBC Supply the cell Kicks K out!
When there is an ↑ in water within the cell, there is an ↑ ­ in swelling which is reversible if the oxygen level ­↑ 
Cell swelling causes cell leakiness which leads to an ↑ in Ca2+ in cells which activate nucleases, which:
  • Initiates apoptosis
  • Decreases enzyme function
  • ­ Lactic Acid
  • Releases lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm and causes autolysis of cell contents.
A detected ↑ in a type of Enzyme within the cell plasma determines what cell is injured.
If the oxygen level is restored quickly, re-perfusion injury may occur which is caused by free radicals being released from the mitochondria causing oxidation damage.

 Click here to head back to the Main Menu


Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Start Investing Your Loose Change

Popular posts from this blog

Is it Bird Flu or Human Flu?

Assignment title: Is it Bird Flu or Human Flu Subject: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Mark:  8/10 lost two points for needing more specific information and missing the websites on the reference list. Criteria Identify the pathogen(s) involved.  Outline the type of immune defenses that might be operating. How does the pathogen enter the body, cause disease and how is it transmitted? What is the outcome of the infection? How is the disease diagnosed? What strategies exist (if any) to control the infection? References Is it Bird Flu or Human Flu? The Enemy - Microbes Avian Influenza A, also known as H5N1 or Bird Flu, is an enzootic member of the orthomyxoviridae family, representing an enveloped, ssRNA viral molecule, with surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins. (1) The Defence - Host Disease H5N1 is more prevalent in birds in China, Asia, Europe and Africa, however, mutations have crossed the animal to human barrier causing destruc
Post a Comment
Read more

Discipline of Toxicology and Specialty Fields

Many of the different professional groups may be involved in dealing with toxic chemicals including chemists, environmental scientists, food scientists, forensic scientists, clinical scientists, and regulators. Depending on their professional roles, they may take different approaches to dealing with toxic chemicals and their effects.  5 Types of Toxicology Specialty Fields Descriptive toxicology Involves toxicity testing of drugs and chemicals. Decides if a substance is toxic and the level of toxicity. Mechanistic toxicology Involves how toxic chemicals cause toxicity effects at the biochemical and system level e.g. neurochemical site blockage Regulatory toxicology Assessment of therapeutic and consumer chemicals by regulatory bodies. Various federal government agencies set standards for use, transport, and storage.  Clinical toxicology Clinical Toxicologists ask the question, what was the victim poisoned with? Their conduct is in support of medical investigations
Post a Comment
Read more

What is the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Clot Pathway?

The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Clot Pathway When damage occurs to tissues, or there is damage to a nerve, a number of vascular responses occur.  Neutrophils are attracted to the injured site which stimulates the release of histamine, basophils, platelets, mast cells, and kinins.  Prostaglandins and lipids are released from the damaged cells. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels cause heat, redness, and swelling. Pain occurs from damage to the nerves, as well as toxic chemicals which are released from microbes. Kinins can irritate nerve endings while prostaglandins intensify and prolong the pain. Increased blood flow to tissues causes blood clotting factors which leak into the tissues which set the clotting sequence in motion. Fibrinogen in the blood converts to fibrin making a meshing over the damaged site to trap the microbes and stop the spread of infection.
Post a Comment
Read more